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Problem 5 - Olympiad

A geologist is studying a region with unusual rock formations. Hypothesis 1 proposes that the formations are the result of ancient volcanic activity, where lava flows cooled and solidified in unique patterns. Hypothesis 2 suggests the formations were sculpted by extreme wind and water erosion over millions of years, exposing different layers of sedimentary rock. Which observation would provide the strongest evidence AGAINST Hypothesis 2?

Correct: A

Hypothesis 2 focuses on wind and water erosion of *sedimentary rock*. If the rock formations primarily consist of highly porous, vesicular rock (Choice A), which is characteristic of volcanic extrusions (igneous rock), it would directly contradict the idea that the formations are made of sedimentary rock, thus strongly weakening Hypothesis 2. Choice B would support Hypothesis 2. Choice C and D are less direct in contradicting the erosion of sedimentary rock.