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Problem 3 - Olympiad

A new astronomical observation reveals a planet orbiting a distant star. Astronomer A argues that the planet's eccentric orbit and large size suggest it is a 'hot Jupiter' that migrated inwards from further out in its solar system. Astronomer B counters that the planet likely formed in its current position, and its characteristics are due to unusual early interactions with a now-absent companion star. Which of the following discoveries would most directly challenge Astronomer B's hypothesis?

Correct: C

Astronomer B's hypothesis hinges on 'unusual early interactions with a now-absent companion star.' If observations of the parent star (and its surrounding environment) reveal no evidence whatsoever that such an interaction could have occurred (Choice C), it directly undermines the foundational premise of Astronomer B's explanation. Choice A might support Astronomer A. Choice B could support Astronomer A's migration idea. Choice D is generally consistent with planetary formation but doesn't specifically challenge the 'absent companion star' aspect of Astronomer B's argument.