Argument: If a student studies diligently, then they will pass the exam. John studied diligently. Therefore, John will pass the exam. Which of the following arguments exhibits a pattern of reasoning most similar to the argument above?
Correct: C
The original argument uses the logical form known as Modus Ponens: If P then Q; P; Therefore Q.
- P: A student studies diligently.
- Q: They will pass the exam.
- John studied diligently (P). Therefore, John will pass the exam (Q).
Option C follows the exact same pattern:
- P: A dog is hungry.
- Q: It will bark loudly.
- My dog is hungry (P). Therefore, my dog will bark loudly (Q).
Option A and D are examples of the fallacy of affirming the consequent (If P then Q; Q; Therefore P). Option B is an example of Modus Tollens (If P then Q; Not Q; Therefore Not P).