Which of the following represents the correct sequence in ecological succession on a bare rock in a temperate region?
Correct: B
The classical model of primary succession on bare rock (e.g., after glacial retreat or volcanic eruption) begins with pioneer species such as lichens and mosses that can colonize bare rock. These organisms help break down rock and accumulate organic matter, forming a thin soil layer. This allows herbaceous plants (ferns, grasses) to establish, followed by shrubs, and eventually trees. The final stage is the climax community, which in temperate regions is typically a deciduous or mixed forest. Lichens are typically the first pioneers, not mosses alone.